The disciplines of the humanities include the formal arts (visual art, music, literature, theater, cinema, dance, and architecture) and philosophy. Humanism is the study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures. It began in the early Renaissance with the study of Greek and Roman civilizations, which were extolled as the pinnacle of human achievement. Humanism operates from the conviction that one can master the art of being human only through the study of man's creative and intellectual legacies. Myths are the traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some natural phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rites. Beauty is an arrangement of elements that is pleasing to us. The arrangement might be (for example) in nature, a human face, a musical composition, a painting, or a poem. We value excellent academic writing and strive to deliver outstanding customer service each and every time you place an order. We write essays, research papers, term papers, course works, reviews, theses and more, so our main. Thestellaprize.com.au/resources/schools-program/ 17 SOFIE LAGUNA, THE EYE OF THE SHEEP students to use this text as a way into discussions about issues with real-world relevance in the safe space of the classroom. Mad rambling and weird fictions Nonsense guaranteed! A family of four podcasts from Mr Jim Moon! Originally what was one show (Hypnobobs) is now a quartet - the indepth discussions and reviews come under the banner of the. This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. Modifer Bonuses and Penalties Bonus Degree of Challenge Stage One: Initiative Everyone rolls Initiative: The result of a die roll + Dexterity + Composure. The character with the highest Initiative performs her action first. Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. 10 Years of Separation by Jonah Sparks (Drama) - After one of their friends has been murdered, 5 friends come together to reunite and find the murderer all while revealing their darkest secrets. 93 pages (pdf - formatting:) -. The Dungeon Master (DM) assumes the role of the game master or referee and describes for other players what they perceive in this imaginary world, and what effects their actions have. That person is responsible for preparing. No more missed important software updates! UpdateStar 11 lets you stay up to date and secure with the software on your computer. Archetypes are the age- old models by which we comprehend human experience. They are the emblematic mythic characters, images, plot patterns, symbols, and buried assumptions shared across cultures. Aesthetic experience is an experience of beauty that inspires a feeling of pleasure which is its own justification. Style is the characteristics of a work of art that identify it with a particular artist, region, artistic movement, or historical period. Context is the set of facts or circumstances that surround a work of art and help us determine and clarify its meaning. Imagery is the employment of evocative images in works of art, especially poetry and literature, where words can summon up . Studying the humanities can help us: Better understand human relationships and the human condition Become better problem- solvers by boosting our emotional intelligence Place contemporary works of art in context Connect to cultures and traditions of the past Discover new favorite works of art Appreciate and participate in a larger culture The Disciplines Music: An artistic form of auditory expression that incorporates instruments or human voices in a structured and continuous manner. Cinema: An artistic medium that uses the motion picture as a vehicle for storytelling and other creative expression. The product of cinema is known as a film or movie. Visual Arts: Art forms that entail creation of primarily visual works, which can be two or three dimensional. These include painting, illustration, photography, printmaking, and sculpture. Literature: Art form of the written word. It refers to an individual literary work or collectively to the creative writing of a people, nation, or culture. The foundation of literature is storytelling. Major forms include: Poetry (including the epic or narrative poem) The novel Plays The short story Literature, Arts, and the Humanities Copyright 2. Mind. Edge, Inc. Duplication prohibited. Drama as a written work is literature. Drama performed by actors on the stage is theater. Theater: A branch of the performing arts in which actors perform a drama or musical before a live audience. Since the dawn of civilization, it has existed in every culture. Western theater stems from the early Greeks, with their development of tragedy and comedy and their innovation of a chorus commenting on the action for the audience. Theater is a storytelling art. It often combines speech, music, gesture, dance, stagecraft, and spectacle into a single art form. Dance: An art form involving a sequence of rhythmic movements or steps performed to music. Dance as a part of public ceremony, ritual, or entertainment dates back to the earliest human civilizations. Architecture: The science and art of designing buildings and other structures. Architecture as art is concerned with the aesthetic effect of structures in their surrounding environment. What determines whether an architectural work merits the label . Philosophy: The systematic investigation of fundamental questions concerning such matters as existence, reality, consciousness, knowledge, truth, and justice. Philosophy's object is the pursuit of wisdom about the nature of these matters. It is generally distinguished by a reliance on critical inquiry and reasoned argument. Shared Terms in the Humanities These terms are shared across disciplines. Point of view: The position or perspective from which something is viewed or related. The point of view lets the audience know which character is experiencing the action of the story. Setting: The environment and context in which a creative work is set or takes place. Movement: A change of position, location, or timeframe. The sense of motion, action, or time created in a work of art. The distinct compositional units of a symphony. Tone: The general atmosphere, mood, or ambiance achieved in a work. A sound that has a definite pitch. Rhythm: Variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or movements over time. In poetry, rhythm is the conscious arrangement of spoken words into stressed and unstressed elements. For example, a poem with five pairs of iambic feet would have a rhythm that alternates a stressed and unstressed syllable five times per line. The specific rhythmic arrangement exhibited by a poem is referred to as its meter. Harmony: Congruity or compatibility of parts with one another and with the whole. The state of all elements being in perfect balance. Symbolism: Use of a symbol, object, or image to represent something else (that is, a concept or idea) Metaphor: A figure of speech or form of expression in which something is explained in terms of something else. The substitution of one idea or object with another. Propaganda: The systematic propagation of information promoting a doctrine or cause. The Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences Thinking, analyzing, and critiquing occur differently depending on the academic or professional discipline. There are numerous modes of study available: The humanities often turn to aesthetics or a figurative explanation, Apollonian response, or Dionysian response The natural sciences rely heavily on the scientific method and logic The social sciences employ synthesis, ethics, logic, empirical study, and various forms of reasoning (inductive, deductive, and pragmatic) Even when the object of study is the same, the perspective, critical approach, and analysis will vary by discipline. Literature, Arts, and the Humanities Copyright 2. Mind. Edge, Inc. Duplication prohibited. Human Languages, Symbolic Systems, and the Development of Human Cultures The humanities have shaped the development of cultures by playing an integral role in the emergence of human language and symbolic systems. This shaping has included: The power of storytelling in influencing the development of language The use of symbolism to distill abstract ideas and themes into visual or figurative representations The advancement of cultural development through cultivating our facility of language, nurturing idea formulation, and recording and deepening our sense of the past The emergence of written symbols to record and preserve humankind's subjective experience. The use of art in early cultures in promoting religious beliefs and practices. Myth and Storytelling In ancient cultures, myths and storytelling allowed humans to feel they could exert control on the world around them. Myths helped ancient people to: preserve their heritage by creating mythic tales about the past teach moral lessons regarding the consequences of . Myth is rooted in archetypes—that is, emblematic characters, events, symbols, and beliefs found in mythic stories across cultures. Among mythic archetypes that populate the humanities the world over are: the circle (symbolizing oneness, completeness, unity, and eternity), the hero's journey or mythic quest, and the mystical power of numbers. Fables and fairy tales are mythic stories that mold children's imaginative understanding of the world, acknowledge their deepest anxieties and shape their moral outlook. Humanism and Universal Themes Universal themes of humanism include recurring themes that define what it means to be human: These universal themes transcend time and place. Among them are the conflict between individual and society, the hero's journey, the struggle between good and evil, the coming of age, the experience of birth and of death, and the search for spiritual meaning. The theme of love has included the distinction between eros, or erotic love; and agape, or platonic love. The hero's journey has been called a monomyth, or world myth, because it is found in all cultures. The Importance of the Renaissance The legacy of the humanities that we inherit began in the Renaissance. The Renaissance: witnessed the revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and learning, spawned renewed study of the great works of ancient Greco- Roman civilizations, and produced among the finest artistic and intellectual achievements in the history of the Western humanities. The potential and talents of the individual became a significant focus in the Renaissance, including the idea of the well- Literature, Arts, and the Humanities Copyright 2. Mind. Edge, Inc. Duplication prohibited. One of the most significant ideas to emerge from the Renaissance is the value of education, particularly in the humanities. Renaissance Humanism The dominant Renaissance cultural and intellectual movement was classical humanism, which emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man. Renaissance humanism: emphasized not only scholarly achievement, but also moral and athletic development encouraged the individual to engage with the world (. The Roman Catholic Church faced challenges to its dominance in Europe from schismatic struggles, popular heretical movements, and the Protestant Reformation. The Renaissance spirit of curiosity, experimentation, and objectivity nurtured the development of European science. Renaissance ideas in part prepared the Western world for the scientific rationalism of the Age of Enlightenment.
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Raytheon and Havelsan Partner for FFG 7 Fleet Modernization with GENESIS Program. The cooperation of Havelsan and Raytheon in the marketing and implementation of the GENESIS program targets the FFG 7 fleets around the world. Poland to Extend, Improve Its FFG-7 Frigates. Apr 17, 2014 15:49 UTC by Defense Industry Daily staff. Sources: Dziennik Zbrojny, “Current status of the Polish naval modernization program”. These ships were originally conceived as a low- cost convoy escort (hence the original . They are particularly well suited to be a convoy escort and are Link 1. As older first- line destroyers and frigates were retired without replacement, however, the FFG 7 class has been integrated into the fleet, and numerous updates have been applied to permit it to cope with modern combat conditions. Construction materials include a steel hull with an aluminum superstructure. They are powered by a single shaft driven by 2 LM2. The ships active complement is about 1. PERRY- class frigates are primarily Undersea Warfare ships intended to provide open- ocean escort of amphibious ships and convoys in low to moderate threat environments in a global war with the Soviet Union. They could also provide limited defense against anti- ship missiles extant in the 7. They can also conduct independent operations to perform such tasks as counterdrug surveillance, maritime interception operations, and exercises with other nations. The $9. 4. 4 million lead- ship construction contract was awarded in October 1. Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine. Construction began in March 1. November 1. 97. 7. In February 1. 97. Is the Philippine Navy experiencing fund shortage for it's new.Navy awarded contracts to Bath Iron Works and to two Todd Shipyard Corporation yard in Los Angeles and the other in Seattle for construction of 1. Additional contracts were awarded to these yards. The Department of Defense estimated at September 3. FFG- 7 program would be $1. Two primary factors causing this increase were the addition of equipment that was not included in the original cost estimate such as a towed sonar, fin stabilizers and electronics equipment and much higher than anticipated shipbuilding costs. In order to meet this numerical requirement, stringent design controls were placed on the size and cost of the FFG- 7. Keeping down size and cost naturally led to some sacrifices in operational effectiveness, most of which appeared to be good management decisions. There were several areas where cost constraints may unduly effect operational effectiveness. Four matters are (1) the selection of the short- range AN/SQS- 5. The long life of warships (2. Over its lifetime, a warship will usually have mucn of its original equipment replaced by new, more capable systems. From the outset of the program, space, weight, and stability margins for growth in the FFG- 7 were minimized. The low margins were linked to the Navy's determination to restrain the size and cost of the ship. As a result, the FFG- 7, unlike most new warships, was unable to accommodate any new equipment beyond what was planned, unless compensating removals were. The two areas of particular concern were the reductions in (1) the service life weight margin, and (2) the future growth margin. Normally, the margin for a ship this size would be about 1. The margin in the FFG- 7, however, was only 5. The future growth weight margin is established to allow for unknown, but anticipated future modifications and new equipment approved by the Chief of Naval Operations. This margin is intended to make new ships more adaptable to changing requirements, the increasing threat, and changes in technology. In the FFG- 7, there was no margin for unplanned future ship characteristic changes which require additional space or increases in the ship's weight. These space limitations could make some necessary future improvements impractical if compensating equipment removals cannot be made. This, in turn, could affect the capability of the ship to perform its mission against an increasing enemy threat. Historically these modernizations have usually required space, weight, and stability reservations. The absence of weight and Space margins for fitting new equipment beyond those already planned meant added risk that needed mid- life modernizations to keep the ships abreast of an increasing threat throughout their life will prove impractical. Not only did the Navy fail to get a full measure of active service from these ships, but while active they contributed less in terms of effectiveness than less cost- constrained designs would have. Despite this, the FFG- 7 class is a robust platform, capable of withstanding considerable damage. Roberts struck a mine and USS Stark was hit by two Exocet cruise missiles. On 1. 7 May 1. 98. Iraqi fired Exocet SSMs hit the U. S. S. Stark (FFG- 3. On 1. 4 April 1. 98. U. S. S. Roberts (FFG- 5. TNT. The explosion heavily damaged propulsion systems and blew a nine- foot hole under the keel. In both attacks, the ships suffered intense fires aggravated by the all aluminum construction of the superstructure. Nevertheless, exceptional damage control efforts carried out by their crews kept both ships on the surface and enabled them to reach friendly ports in the Persian Gulf. The Stark returned to the United States on her own power and underwent repairs. The Roberts was transported to the United States on the Dutch- flag heavy- lift ship, Mighty Servant 2. LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION POLICY 14 JULY 1997. National Language and National Development, Congress of the Language Association of Nigeria-LAN, 1987. Cultural Policy in Nigeria. Cultural Policy in Nigeria. Languages of Nigeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. There are over 5. Nigeria (at least 9 of them are now extinct). Communication in the English language is much more popular in the country's urban communities than it is in the rural areas (comprising about three quarters of the country's population). The other major languages are Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, Ibibio, Edo, Fulfulde, and Kanuri. Nigeria's linguistic diversity is a microcosm of Africa as a whole, encompassing three major African languages families: Afroasiatic, Nilo- Saharan, and Niger. Nigeria also has several as- yet unclassified languages, such as Cen Tuum, which may represent a relic of an even greater diversity prior to the spread of the current language families. Language families. Mande is represented by the Busa cluster and Kyenga in the northwest. Fulfulde is the single Atlantic language, of Senegambian origin but now spoken by cattle pastoralists across the Sahel and largely in the North of Nigeria by the Fulani (sometimes Fulbe) diaspora. The Ijoid languages are spoken across the Niger Delta and include . The Efik language is spoken across the coastal southeastern part of Nigeria and includes the dialects Ibibio, Annang, and Efik proper. The single Gur language spoken is Baat. Forum on Public Policy 2 The paper is divided into five sections as follows: the context of languages and education in Nigeria; language policy, planning and implementation in education; proficiency level of students.Their westernmost representatives in Nigeria are the Tula- Waja languages. The Kwa languages are represented by the Gun group in the extreme southwest, which is affiliated to the Gbe languages in Benin and Togo. The classification of the remaining languages is controversial; Joseph Greenberg classified those without noun- classes, such as Yoruba, Igbo, and Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, and Annang), as 'Eastern Kwa' and those with classes as 'Benue. This was reversed in an influential 1. Benue. Recent opinion, however, has been to revert to Greenberg's distinction. The literature must thus be read with care and due regard for the date.
There are several small language groupings in the Niger Confluence area, notably Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere- Ahan and . Igbo language proper, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye etc., Yoruboid, i. Yoruba, Itsekiri and Igala, Akokoid (eight small languages in Ondo, Edo and Kogi state), Edoid including Edo (sometimes referred to as) Bini in Edo State, Ibibio- Efik, Idomoid (Idoma) and Nupoid (Nupe) and perhaps include the other languages mentioned above. East Benue. Apart from these, there are numerous Bantoid languages, which are the languages immediately ancestral to Bantu. These include Mambiloid, Ekoid, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields and Tivoid languages. The geographic distribution of Nigeria's Niger. Igbo words such as 'unu' for 'you people', 'sooso' for 'only', 'obia' for 'native doctoring', etc. As such some languages, particularly those with a large number of speakers, have been standardized and received a romanized orthography. Nearly all languages appear in a Latin alphabet when written. The Efik, Igbo and Yoruba languages are notable examples of this process. The more historically recent standardization and romanization of Igbo has provoked even more controversy due to its dialectical diversity, but the Central Igbo dialect has gained the widest acceptance as the standard- bearer. Many such as Chinua Achebe have dismissed standardization as colonial and conservative attempts to simplify a complex mosaic of languages. Such controversies typify inter- and intra- ethnic conflict endemic to post- colonial Nigeria. Also worthy of note is the Enuani dialect, a variation of the Igbo that is spoken among parts of Anioma. The Anioma are the Aniocha, Ndokwa/Ukwuani, Ika and Oshimilli of Delta state. Standard Yoruba came into being due to the work Samuel Crowther, the first African bishop of the Anglican Church and owes most of its lexicon to the dialects spoken in . Linguistically speaking, all demonstrate the varying phonological features of the Niger. Of these, Chadic languages predominate, with 7. Semitic is represented by various dialects of Arabic spoken in the Northeast and Berber by the Tuareg- speaking communities in the extreme Northwest. The Hausa language is the most well- known Chadic language in Nigeria; though there is a paucity of statistics on native speakers in Nigeria, the language is spoken by 2. West Africa and is the second language of 1. Hausa has therefore emerged as lingua franca throughout much of West Africa and the Sahel in particular. The language is spoken primarily amongst Muslims, and the language is often associated with Islamic culture in Nigeria and West Africa on the whole. Hausa is classified as a West Chadic language of the Chadic grouping, a major subfamily of Afroasiatic. Culturally, the Hausa people have become closely integrated with the Fulani following the jihadist establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate by the Fulani Uthman dan Fodio in the 1. Hausa is the official language of a number states in Northern Nigeria and the most important dialect is generally regarded as that spoken in Kano,an Eastern Hausa dialect, which is the standard variety used for official purposes. Eastern dialects also include some dialects spoken in Zaria, and Bauchi; Western Hausa dialects include Sakkwatanchi spoken in Sokoto, Katsinanchi in Katsina Arewanchi in both Gobir and Adar, Kebbi, and Zamfara. Katsina is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa and Arawa, while Zaria is a prominent Southern tongue version; Barikanchi is a pidgin formerly used in the military. Hausa is a highly atypical Chadic language, with a reduced tonal system and a phonology influenced by Arabic. Other well- known Chadic languages include Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade and Bachama. In the East of Nigeria and on into Cameroun are the Central Chadic languages, such as Bura, the Higi cluster and Marghi. These are highly diverse and remain very poorly described. Many Chadic languages are severely threatened; recent searches by Bernard Caron for Southern Bauchi languages show that even some of those recorded in the 1. However, unknown Chadic languages are still being reported, witness the recent description of Dyarim. Hausa, as well as other Afroasiatic languages like Bade (another West Chadic language spoken in Yobe State), have historically been written in a modified Arabic script known as ajami, however, the modern official orthography is now a romanization known as boko first introduced by the British regime in the 1. Ogmios. Blench, Roger (1. The Status of the Languages of Central Nigeria', in Brenzinger, M. Dallas: SIL. External links. Saltel Industries : HOME; ABOUT US. SES Aggressive Environment & Customized Patch Saltel Expandable Steel Packers. SES FracPacker - SES FracPacker 10 K - SES FracPacker 15 K; SES External Casing Packer. 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From tree planting, Americanism projects and student recognition, to the handing out of small American Flags. Below you will find some of the projects that are nearest and dearest to our Hearts. Volunteer opportunities available in Southern Utah national parks. As part of the Centennial Volunteer Ambassadors programs. Golf In St George Utah. Thank you 2016 IRONMAN 70.3 North American Pro Championship St. Welcome to the Volunteer Center! Get connected to meaningful service opportunities in your community. Volunteers are at the forefront of key United Way functions. Salt Lake County Volunteer Services. The value of volunteer service hours results in an estimated annual savings of approximately $30,000 in Utah. Trail Steward Coordinator at [email protected]. Download the volunteer manual.Automobile suspension system 1. Chapter no 3 Automobile Suspension System By Er D S Phapale B.E. Automotive Suspension Systems K. Craig 2 State of the Art: Suspension Systems
Double wishbone suspension - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wishbones and upright painted yellow. In automobiles, a double wishbone (or upper and lower A- arm) suspension is an independentsuspension design using two (occasionally parallel) wishbone- shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The shock absorber and coil spring mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as camber angle, caster angle, toe pattern, roll center height, scrub radius, scuff and more. Implementation. A single wishbone or A- arm can also be used in various other suspension types, such as variations of the Mac. Pherson strut. The upper arm is usually shorter to induce negative camber as the suspension jounces (rises), and often this arrangement is titled an . When the vehicle is in a turn, body roll results in positive camber gain on the lightly loaded inside wheel, while the heavily loaded outer wheel gains negative camber. Between the outboard end of the arms is a knuckle with a spindle (the kingpin), hub, or upright which carries the wheel bearing and wheel. To resist fore- aft loads such as acceleration and braking, the arms require two bushings or ball joints at the body. An L- shaped arm is generally preferred on passenger vehicles because it allows a better compromise of handling and comfort to be tuned in. Air Suspension System PdfThe bushing in line with the wheel can be kept relatively stiff to effectively handle cornering loads while the off- line joint can be softer to allow the wheel to recess under fore- aft impact loads. For a rear suspension, a pair of joints can be used at both ends of the arm, making them more H- shaped in plan view. Alternatively, a fixed- length driveshaft can perform the function of a wishbone as long as the shape of the other wishbone provides control of the upright. This arrangement has been successfully used in the Jaguar IRS. In elevation view, the suspension is a 4- bar link, and it is easy to work out the camber gain (see camber angle) and other parameters for a given set of bushing or ball- joint locations. The various bushings or ball joints do not have to be on horizontal axes, parallel to the vehicle centre line. If they are set at an angle, then anti- dive and anti- squat geometry can be dialled in. In many racing cars, the springs and dampers are relocated inside the bodywork. The suspension uses a bellcrank to transfer the forces at the knuckle end of the suspension to the internal spring and damper. This is then known as a . As the wheel rises, the push rod compresses the internal spring via a pivot or pivoting system. The opposite arrangement, a . Locating the spring and damper inboard increases the total mass of the suspension, but reduces the unsprung mass, and also allows the designer to make the suspension more aerodynamic. Advantages and disadvantages. It is fairly easy to work out the effect of moving each joint, so the kinematics of the suspension can be tuned easily and wheel motion can be optimized. It is also easy to work out the loads that different parts will be subjected to which allows more optimised lightweight parts to be designed. They also provide increasing negative camber gain all the way to full jounce travel, unlike the Mac. Pherson strut, which provides negative camber gain only at the beginning of jounce travel and then reverses into positive camber gain at high jounce amounts. Conversely, it may take more space and is slightly more complex than other systems like a Mac. Pherson strut. Due to the increased number of components within the suspension set up it takes much longer to service and is heavier than an equivalent Mac. Pherson design. At the other end of the scale, it offers less design choice than the more costly and complex multi- link suspension system. History. French car maker Citro. Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan used it on the Packard One- Twenty from 1. During that time Mac. Pherson strut was still in the area of aviation technology and was derived from aircraft landing mechanism. Later on, until 1. Ford Company decided to use the Mac. Pherson strut on small production cars, the English Ford Consul and Ford Zephyr. Examples of makes in which double wishbones can be found include Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Maserati, Mercedes- Benz, MG and Pontiac vehicles. The Aston Martin DB7, the Rover 6. Honda NSX and the Honda Prelude use a rare double wishbone suspension set- up both at the front and rear, informed by Honda's experience in Formula One. Short long arms suspension, a type of double wishbone suspension, is very common on front suspensions for medium- to- large cars such as the Honda Accord (replaced by the less complex and expensive Mac. Pherson struts in 2. Peugeot 4. 07, Citroen C5, Peugeot 5. GT or Mazda 6/Atenza (equally replaced by Mac. Pherson struts in 2. It also provides least camber change at bump and rebound condition. Short long arms suspension. The upper arm is typically an A- arm, and is shorter than the lower link, which is an A- arm or an L- arm, or sometimes a pair of tension/compression arms. In the latter case the suspension can be called a multi- link, or dual ball joint suspension. The four- bar linkage mechanism formed by the unequal arm lengths causes a change in the camber of the vehicle as it rolls, which helps to keep the contact patch square on the ground, increasing the ultimate cornering capacity of the vehicle. It also reduces the wear of the outer edge of the tire. SLAs can be classified as short spindle, in which the upper ball joint on the spindle is inside the wheel, or long spindle, in which the spindle tucks around the tire and the upper ball joint sits above the tire. Disadvantages. Short spindle SLAs tend to require stiffer bushings at the body, as the braking and cornering forces are higher. Also they tend to have poorer kingpin geometry, due to the difficulty of packaging the upper ball joint and the brakes inside the wheel. Long spindle SLAs tend to have better kingpin geometry, but the proximity of the spindle to the tyre restricts fitting oversized tyres, or snowchains. The location of the upper balljoint may have styling implications in the design of the sheetmetal above it. SLAs require some care when setting up their bump steer characteristic, as it is easy to end up with excessive, or curved, bump steer curves. FiatEcuScan 3.4.1 + Crack (Car Diagnostic) 1 year: Software: 4: 33.68 MB: 1: 0 . 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